Performance of the annular denuder system with different arrangements for HNO3 and HNO2 measurements in Taiwan.

Experiments on different annular denuder system (ADS) arrangements for sampling nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3) gases were conducted in this study to evaluate their sampling artifacts. The evaluation basis is the one that employed one sodium chloride denuder for sampling HNO3 gas and two sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) denuders for sampling HNO2 gas, which is a commonly employed ADS arrangement in many field applications in the United States. A field study was conducted in Hsinchu, Taiwan, and the results indicated that this ADS arrangement may yield over 80% relative errors for HNO3 gas. It also showed that the relative errors for HNO2 gas can be less than 10% as sampled with only one Na2CO3 denuder. This is attributed to the fact that the ambient HNO3 concentration measured in this study was relatively low while the HNO2 concentration was high, as compared to typical concentrations of these two gases measured in the United States. The sampling error of HNO3 gas may be due to high concentrations of N-containing interfering species present in Taiwan's atmosphere. Because the relative sampling errors of HNO3 and HNO2 gases depend mainly on their concentrations in the atmosphere as well as concentrations caused by interfering species, the risk for high error while measuring low HNO2 concentrations by only one Na2CO3 denuder is also possible. As a result, it is suggested that pretests are necessary to evaluate possible sources and degrees of sampling errors before field sampling of HNO2 and HNO3 gases. The sampling errors of these two gases can, therefore, be minimized with a better arrangement of the ADS.